Barnacles

Below are examples of some barnacles you will run across on Oregon’s exposed rocky shores or washed up on the beaches. It’s not a complete catalog, just the barnacles I’ve been fortunate to find, my photographic take, and a few words if I’ve thought of something that resonates with me. The photos are from northern Oregon unless noted, my organization follows Lamb and Hanby (2005), and the common names are my choice. Experts cover these barnacles and many more in the books, field guides, and online resources listed at the bottom of this page.


Chthamalus dalli Little brown barnacle

You will find little browns on high, mid, and low intertidal rocks where they are indeed small and brown. Ricketts and Calvin say they are “a definite and clean-cut form, never crowded and piled together…”, and that’s true, compared to the other barnacles they share space with. Their wall plates usually look a little inflated to me, and in the lower panel of this set you can see the oft-mentioned crosslike appearance of the perpendicular sutures between terga and scuta (compare with the same sutures in Balanus glandula, next entry.)

Chthamalus dalli scattered on the surface of a rock. Mussels in the background.
Chthamalus dalli scattered on the surface of a rock.
Closeup on about 25 fairly densely packed Chthamalus dalli on the surface of a rock.


They may not crowd as closely as Balanus glandula or pile up like Semibalanus cariosus, but when conditions are right a lot of little browns can reside in a small amount of intertidal real estate. (Both images show mostly little browns on the same rock. The right-hand panel is a closeup of the bottom right corner of the left-hand panel.)

A mid intertidal rock inhabited mostly by Chthamalus dalli, joined by adult and juvenile Semiblanus cariosus, a few Nucella, a couple red tufts, a couple red blades, a few giant green anemones, and a few small limpets.
A mid intertidal rock inhabited mostly by Chthamalus dalli, joined by one giant green anemone, a few juvenile Semiblanus cariosus, and several small limpets.


Little browns aren’t shy about settling on mollusc shells. Below, I love how they bejewel the concentric growth rings on shells of two California mussels.

Concentric curves of two California mussels occupied by little brown barnacles, Chthamalus dalli.


Among other barnacles, it’s usually not too hard to pick out Chthamalus dalli. (Most of the other barnacles in the images below are acorn barnacles, Balanus glandula.)

Chthamalus dalli and Balanus glandula share space on a rock, along with a couple Nucella.
Chthamalus dalli and Balanus glandula share space on a rock.
Closeup of Chthamalus dalli and Balanus glandula sharing space on a rock along with a couple limpets.
***


Balanus glandula Acorn barnacle

Acorns are often the most noticeable high intertidal barnacle and they frequently appear in scenes of high zonation. When conditions are right, you can identify a band of acorn barnacles at a distance.

A rock wall with a band of barnacles running along just above a band of mussels.
Arrow shows a band of acorn barnacles Balanus glandula


Up close, the sinuous lines of contact between the terga and scuta can help with identification.


Acorn barnacles can be an encrusting force on high rocks and the upper reaches of mussel beds where, if you’re not thinking about their sharp surfaces, they might remind you with a scratch.


On high rocks


On the upper reaches of mussel beds

California mussels heavily encrusted with acorn barnacles. A few Nucella ostrina in the scene too.


In a crowd, which is pretty common, acorns grow tall and slender. (Besides the columnar shape, note the individual scars left behind on the rocks where barnacles have been somehow knocked off or cleared away.)

Empty patch in a bed barnacles reveals columnar growth under crowded conditions.
A couple empty patches in a sea of acorn barnacles
Empty patch in a bed barnacles reveals columnar growth under crowded conditions.
The crowded columnar growth form


Given some space, other shapes emerge.


Dogwinkles warrant mention as important predators on Balanus glandula. It’s not unusual to encounter conspicuous aggregations of these predatory snails on and among the the barnacles.

Nucella ostrina
Can you pick out the three predatory Nucella species?
Nucella ostrina


Acorn barnacles don’t fare too well under sand burial, which can be a factor on surf-swept shores. The exposed rock below, seen in February, hosts scars and dead barnacles after being buried by accumulating sand the previous summer. If the rock remains above the sand’s surface long enough it will be recolonized.

After sand burial only a few barnacles survived
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Balanus nubilus Giant barnacle

Look for giants in the low intertidal or lower. They can get large, the biggest barnacle you’ll find on the Pacific Northwest’s rocky shores.

Closeup on three giant barnacles on a vertical wall mostly covered in giant green anemones.


Living giants are such generous hosts they can be hard to pick out among their guests.

Closeup of a living giant barnacle. The shell's exterior surface is mostly covered seaweeds and anemones, along with a sea star and a chiton.
Closeup of a giant barnacle hosting some corallines. Giant green anemones and sea stars also appear in the scene.


After death the empty shells still serve.

Two large giant barnacles and a starfish occupying the space in the base of a broken giant barnacle shell.
Pisaster conforming to the space in a broken shell
A granular claw crab (or two) finds shelter


When not too heavily encrusted, the shell’s exterior is a surface to admire.

A low intertidal scene featuring three nicely-sculpted giant barnacles on a vertical rock wall with giant green anemones, corallines, and a patch of red blades.
A beautifully sculpted trio
Closeup on a somewhat eroded giant barnacle in a low intertidal setting surrounded mostly by giant green anemones.
Eroded but beautiful
A Low intertidal scene featuring a single giant barnacle and a variety of low intertidal companions.
Youthful architecture graces the shell of a pup


Empty shells and live barnacles can be found on the beach, where they sometimes wash ashore under the grip of kelp holdfasts.

A fragment of an empty shell rests on the sand.
A good-sized shell | Central Oregon
Several kelp holdfasts and and several giant barnacle shells rest in an attached mass on wet sand.
A drifted mass of Laminaria setchellii and Balanus nubilus
***

Semibalanus cariosus Thatched barnacle

The derivation of the thatched barnacle’s specific epithet, cariosus, is decayed, rotten, or crumbling. If it’s a reference to the outward appearance of the wall plates, it’s a worthy description. Either way, as they age, their walls acquire a charmingly rustic aspect.

A mid intertidal scene featuring four good-sized Semibalanus cariosus, surrounded by Anthopleura elegantissima. The walls of the barnacles host lots of other smaller barnacles and other intertidal creatures.


If you’re on the hunt for thatched barnacles, try poking around the California mussel beds.

Intimate view of a few thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus, showing off the thatched look of uneroded shells. California mussels Mytilus californianus and gooseneck barnacles Pollicipes polymerus share the scene.
Intimate view of a few thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus, showing off the thatched look of uneroded shells. California mussels Mytilus californianus and gooseneck barnacles Pollicipes polymerus, and a few limpets share the scene.


They don’t call ’em thatched barnacles for nothing. When they’re prominent, the ribs on the wall plates resemble a thatched roof or maybe a haystack (upper panels). In older stands, erosion wears down the ribbing (lower panels).

A few thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus, showing off the thatched look of uneroded shells. Pollicipes polymerus in the background.
Thirty or so thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus, showing off the thatched look of uneroded shells. Pollicipes polymerus, Mytilus californianus, and a few limpets also appear in the scene.
Intimate view of an older (apparently) stand of thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus. Their wall plates are smoothed by erosion. California mussels Mytilus californianus in the background.
An older (apparently) stand of thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus. Their wall plates are smoothed by erosion. Younger barnacles with less erosion and thus stronger ribbing appear around the edges of the older stand.


Older individuals won’t look very thatched under crowding or when their walls are densely occupied by smaller barnacles (often acorn barnacles Balanus glandula, as seen in the lower panel).

A crowd of thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus, anemones, and a few mussels and snails also appear in the crowd.
A crowd of thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus just below the mussel bed. Giant green anemones Anthopleura xanthogrammica and a few , anemones, and a few California mussels Mytilus californianus appear in the scene.
Kind of a closeup on several family large thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus whose wall plates are densely occupied by various sizes of acorn barnacles Balanus glandula.


Below, various size classes of acorn barnacles Balanus glandula have so densely settled on two fairly large thatched barnacles that they have almost completely obscured them in places. Where the acorns settled only sparsely, the characteristic thatched appearance of Semibalanus cariosus is beautifully revealed, along with a little wear and tear. A few little brown barnacles Chthamalus dalli also appear in the scene.

An intimate scene of various size classes of acorn barnacles Balanus glandula occupying the shells of two fairly large thatched barnacles, obscuring them in places.


With their heavy ribs and symmetrical stellate form, these youngsters are just the cutest, and they look great against the wavy backdrop of a California mussel shell (lower panel). (I’m not trying to imply here that identifying babies or small barnacles is easy, but I feel like those featured below are showing off Semibalanus cariosus characteristics pretty well.)

Small thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus on a smooth mid intertidal rock.
Small thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus share a rock with anemones, California mussels, a limpet, and other barnacles.
Closeup on two small thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus on the underside of a California mussel Mytilus californianus.


It’s pretty common to find detached drifted thatched barnacles washed up on the beach; you’ll find them on their own or attached to California mussel shells. And it’s always a good idea to check for their presence in drifted Postelsia holdfasts.

Two large worn drifted thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus rest seemingly alone on an expanse of sandy beach. Maritime forest in the background.
A drifted jumble of thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus attached one upon another rests on the sand. The party also includes a few gooseneck barnacles, Pollicipes polymerus.
A large conical and somewhat worn drifted thatched barnacle Semibalanus cariosus and another attached fragment rest seemingly alone on an expanse of sandy beach. The view is out to the surf zone and beyond.
A jumble of detached and drifted California mussels Mytilus californianus on beach sand hosts a few thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus.
A lone detached and drifted California mussels Mytilus californianus shell on beach sand is almost completely obscured by a covering of attached medium-sized thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus.
One valve of a drifted California mussels Mytilus californianus shell (and an attached fragment of the other valve) rests on the sand. Attached are two medium-sized thatched barnacles Semibalanus cariosus.
A detached and drifted Postelsia, laying on its side, reveals the underside of its holdfast. Embedded in the holdfast are several thatched barnacle Semibalanus cariosus shells.
On an expanse of beach, a drift Postelsia, laying on its side, reveals the underside of its holdfast. Embedded in the holdfast are a dense collection of thatched barnacle Semibalanus cariosus shells. In the distance, beach, the surf zone, and beyond. Cloudy sky.
***


Pollicipes polymerus Gooseneck barnacle (also Goose, Leaf)

On the exposed coast, goosenecks can be prominent in mussel beds. They can also be found below the mussel beds, and they pioneer higher, into the high intertidal, where surge and splash conditions allow it.

A rock face with a broad band of Pollicipes polymerus. Swash in the foreground; in the distance, the surf zone, and beyond. Cloudy skies.
A band of Pollicipes polymerus (whitish)
Exposed low intertidal rocks. In the lower left, a gooseneck rosette on bare rock. The intertidal zones are exposed in the background, off to the right.
Pollicipes rosette
A beachscape featuring a high vertical rock in the foreground; in the midground, a sand-filled tidepool and a sandy beach. In the distance, cliffs are topped by sparse maritime forest. Bands of Pollicipes on the high rock in the foreground. Partly cloudy sky.
Looks like bands of successive age classes
Beachscape featuring a closeup of goosenecks and mussels on an intertidal rock. In the mid-ground, swash and beach sand. In the distance, high intertidal rocks and forested slopes. Mostly cloudy sky.
Pollicipes can be prominent in the mussel beds
A dozen California mussels peeking out from a mass of goosenecks.
Who’ll win the battle for space?
Closeup on a Pollicipes rosette. Giant green anemone, California mussels, and more goosenecks are in the background.
Goosenecks don’t mind being photographed at all


Sometimes you’ll see exposed Pollicipes showing off quite a bit of red. I have a sense that red goosenecks are more prevalent in sheltered or low-zone settings, but I can’t say for sure. I wrote about the reddest goosenecks I’ve come across in Pollicipes, Magical in the Morning.

Closeup on a mix of Pollicipes and Mytilus. The goosenecks have crimson areas on the capitulum's soft tissue.
A sheltered mussel bed
Closeup on a cluster of Pollicipes peeking out through a bunch of Laminaria sinclairii stipes. The goosenecks have crimson areas on the capitulum's soft tissue.
Below the mussel bed, nestled among Laminaria sinclairii
Closeup on a mix of Pollicipes and Mytilus. The goosenecks have crimson areas on the capitulum's soft tissue.
The source of red is hemoglobin


Some gulls make a point of exploring exposed clusters of Pollicipes polymerus, and they will sometimes eat them. Large Larus gulls pluck them off the rocks without much trouble. Thus, it’s not unusual to find regurgitated plates, capitulums, and even more or less whole barnacles, including their stalks.

A swarm of gull tracks in the sand at the base of a Pollicipes-covered rock. A detached barnacle capitulum with some stalk attached lays on the sand.
Tracks tell the story
Regurgitated plates and a capitulum with some stalk attached lay on gull-track-dimpled sand.
Evidence


Once you get used to looking for them, you’ll find that gull pellets with Pollicipes parts are pretty common on some beaches.

A regurgitated gull pellet with Pollicipes plates, peduncles, and whole capitula lying on the sand.
A regurgitated gull pellet, washed by the swash, with lots of Pollicipes lying about on the sand. 15 cm rule for scale.


Redtail surfperch are a Pollicipes predator I hadn’t thought of until I found one had eaten these.

Cluster of goosenecks and a few parts in a finger bowl. No scale, but the biggest ones are on the small side.
Found among a redtail surfperch’s stomach contents


You can occasionally find Pollicipes polymerus among drifted material on the beach, but you’ve got to move quickly to beat the gulls to them.

A few goosenecks on a detached thatched barnacle resting on the sand in the swash zone. Other hitchhikers include smaller thatched barnacles and a few little browns Chthamalus dalli (I think).
A detached and drifted mass of California mussels Mytilus californianus and gooseneck barnacles Pollicipes polymerus.
A small cluster of detached and drifted gooseneck barnacles Pollicipes polymerus clinging to the detached shell of a California mussel Mytilus californianus.
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Lepas Pelagic gooseneck barnacles

Pelagic goosenecks are rafters that arrive on the shore attached to beachcast debris where they become, briefly, a source of wonder to anyone encountering them.

Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas on beached bull kelp stipe.
Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas on beached driftwood.
Beached drift log inhabited by lots of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas.

Lepas (Lepas) anatifera and its superficial look alike Lepas (Lepas) hillii are similar enough that I feel like identifications based solely on characters visible in photos like mine are undependable, at least in my hands. Thus, I don’t try to distinguish between them, and, assuming both species beach on Oregon shores, you may see a mix of L. anatifera and L. hillii in the examples I feature below.

Beyond driftwood and bull kelp, highlighted above, these epipelagic rafters have a wide spectrum of floating human-made debris to choose from.

Floats

A commercial float encrusted with pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas, mussels, and oysters rested in the swash. Surf in the distance.
A few pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to a small beached polystyrene float.
Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to one end of an elongated blue float.
Closeup of a small cigar-shaped float resting on the sand, one attached pelagic gooseneck barnacle Lepas is visible.
Closeup of a cluster of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to a lug on a commercial float.


Fragments

One large and several tiny pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to a yellow plastic fragment resting in the cobbles.
Three large pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to a white plastic fragment resting in the cobbles. A few small by-the-wind sailors Velella velella share the scene.
Closeup of a large pelagic gooseneck barnacle Lepas attached to a styrofoam fragment.


Various Plastics

Utility jug encrusted with pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas.
Pelagic barnacles Lepas on a plastic bottle at rest on the cobbles.
Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (large and a small size classes) attached to a squashed clear plastic bottle of jug, the whole thing resting on cobbles.
Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to the squirt and lid of a plastic lab wash bottle.
Closeup on two pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to the rim of an upside-down bucket.


Check the Tires

Over a dozen large pelagic barnacles Lepas attached to a beached Bridgestone rubber tire still on the rim.
Lots of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to a beached rubber tire (still on the rim. Beach and the surf zone in the background. Cloudy gray sky.


Pelagic Goosenecks Won’t Pass Up a Blue Boot and Neither Should You

A blue rubber boot rests against driftwood on the cobbles.
As I found it
A blue rubber boot tipped up to show pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas inside. Driftwood and cobbles in the background.
A look inside
A cluster of large pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to the sole of a blue rubber boot resting in the cobbles.


Sets on Nets and Lost Lines

Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to green mono netting resting in the cobbles. A few by-the-wind sailors share the scene.
Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to green mono netting resting in the cobbles.
Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to green mono netting resting in the cobbles. A few by-the-wind sailors share the scene.
Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to green mono netting resting in the cobbles. A few by-the-wind sailors share the scene.
Closeup of ten pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to heavy commercial line.
Closeup of four pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to heavy commercial line.
Closeup of seven pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to heavy commercial line.


Circling Back to a Few More Examples From Driftwood

A beached root crown encrusted with lots of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas rest on the sand. Beach and the surf zone in the distance. Cloudy sky.
Intimate view of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to a beached root crown.
Freshly washed ashore on a drifted log, the pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas are good-sized and in good shape. Bright sunlight.
Closeup of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas attached to a drifted log.
Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas on a fairly small diameter drift log.


A smaller pelagic gooseneck, Lepas (Lepas) pacifica, is easy to overlook due to its small size. The comparatively small material it often rafts on is easy to overlook too. And, it would be easy to confuse them with smaller, younger versions of Lepas anatifera. Nevertheless, you should more or less expect to encounter them on any walk along the shore.

Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica on drift Fucus resting on the sand.


The majority of my Lepas pacifica photographs show them attached to beached brown seaweeds.

Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica on drift Fucus resting on the sand.
On Fucus
A cluster of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica attached to the base of a drift Macrocystis blade.
On Macrocystis
Pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica on drift Egregia resting on the sand.
On Egregia
A few pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica on a drift Pterygophora holdfast.
On Pterygophora (the holdfast)
A few pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica on a drift Macrocystis holdfast.
On Macrocystis (the holdfast)
A cluster of six pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica on a drift Nereocystis stipe.
On Nereocystis (the stipe)
A drift Nereocystis stipe encrusted with pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica.
On Nereocystis (the stipe)


Drifting in on other rafts

A drifted feather encrusted with pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica rests on the sand.
A small drift mass of sea sacs Halosaccion and pelagic goose barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica rests on the sand.
A drifted feather encrusted with pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica rests on the sand.
A drifted piece of conifer bark, lightly encrusted with pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica.
A seascape with a short drift log in the swash. Surf zone in the distance. Partly cloudy sky.
At a distance
A drifted log encrusted with pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas (Lepas) pacifica rests in the swash.
Same raft, closer up


It’s not too unusual to find beached Lepas pacifica mixed in among other members of its subgenus. (Note: The first three images are all of the same piece of driftwood.)

A drifted log encrusted with an apparent mix of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas, including Lepas pacifica.
A drifted log encrusted with an apparent mix of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas, including Lepas pacifica.
A drifted log encrusted with an apparent mix of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas, including Lepas pacifica.
A drifted styrofoam fragment encrusted with an apparent mix of pelagic gooseneck barnacles Lepas, including Lepas pacifica. A few large Velella velella share the scene.
***


Dosima fascicularis Blue buoy barnacle (also buoy barnacle)

Blue buoys are drifters attaching to human-made fragments or natural debris where they build their own foamy-looking floats. Strandings on Oregon beaches are occasional.

Hand-held blue buoy barnacle Dosima fascicularis attached by its foam float to a plastic fragment.
Two blue buoy barnacles Dosima fascicularis attached by their foam floats to bleached by-the-wind sailor Velella velella resting on the sand.
***


References

Gotshall, D. W. 2005. Guide to Marine Invertebrates, Alaska to Baja California 2nd Edition (Revised). Shoreline Press.

Harbo, R. M. 2011. Whelks to Whales: Coastal Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd ed. Harbour Publishing Co.

Kozloff, E. N. 1993. Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. 3rd ed. University of Washington Press.

Lamb, A. and B. P. Hanby. 2005. Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Harbour Publishing.

Sept. J. D. 2019. The New Beachcomber’s Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Harbour Publishing.


Online Resources

Friends of Netarts Bay WEBS Crustaceans page. Accessed November 9, 2025.

Pacific Northwest Shell Club’s Crustacean page. Accessed November 9, 2025.

It’s worth scrolling down to barnacles in Common Sea Life of Southeastern Alaska: A field guide by Aaron Baldwin & Paul Norwood. Accessed November 9, 2025.


Species Accounts

Cowles, D. (2005). Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854. Invertebrates of the Salish Sea. Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory. Accessed August 3, 2025.

Cowles, D. (2005). Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758. Invertebrates of the Salish Sea. Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory. Accessed November 19, 2025.

Cowles, D. (2006). Balanus crenatus Bruguiere, 1789. Invertebrates of the Salish Sea. Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory. Accessed August 3, 2024.

Cowles, D. (2006). Balanus nubilus Darwin, 1854. Invertebrates of the Salish Sea. Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory. Accessed August 3, 2025.

Cowles, D. (2006). Semibalanus cariosus (Pallas, 1788). Invertebrates of the Salish Sea. Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory. Accessed August 3, 2025.

Cowles, D. (2018). Chthamalus dalli Pilsbry, 1916. Invertebrates of the Salish Sea. Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory. Accessed August 3, 2025.

Hiebert, T.C. and M. Jarvis. 2015. Balanus glandula. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys’ Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. Accessed August 3, 2025.

Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Balanus crenatus. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys’ Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. Accessed August 3, 2025.

Hiebert, T.C. 2015. Semibalanus cariosus. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys’ Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. Accessed August 3, 2025.

McFadden, M., Helmstetler, H., and D. Cowles (2007). Pollicipes polymerus (Sowerby, 1833). Balanus nubilus Darwin, 1854. Invertebrates of the Salish Sea. Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory. Accessed August 3, 2025.


I updated this page on August 3, 2025

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